Biological basis of behavior article - apologise, but
Chappell, Brooke K. Keeney, Thomas H. Meek, Lynn E. Maciel, Gertjan van Dijk, Catherine M. Kotz, Joey C. Eisenmann; The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives. J Exp Biol 15 January ; 2 : — biological basis of behavior article.Biological basis of behavior article Video
Past papers of biological basis of behavior BS psychology - Iqra SageerA gap exists between translating basic science research into effective pain therapies in humans. While preclinical pain research has primarily used animal models to understand biological processes, a lesser focus has been toward using animal models to fully consider other components of the pain biological basis of behavior article, such as psychological and social influences. Herein, we provide an overview of translational studies within pain research by breaking them down into purely biological, psychological and social influences using a framework derived from the biopsychosocial model.
We draw from a wide landscape of studies to illustrate that the pain experience is highly intricate, and every attempt must be made to address its multiple components and interactors to aid in fully understanding its complexity. We highlight our work where we have developed animal models to assess the cognitive and social effects on pain modulation while conducting parallel experiments in people that provide proof-of-importance for human pain modulation. In some instances, human pain research has sparked the development of novel animal models, with these animal models used to better understand biological basis of behavior article complexity see more phenomena considered to be uniquely human such as placebo responses and empathy.
In order to completely understand complex conditions such as chronic pain, multiple factors that contribute to the personalized experience of pain must be considered.
Introduction
Though biological components such as genetics biological basis of behavior article predispose individuals to certain chronic pain conditions, psychological and social variability often article source the time of onset, severity and the course of pain associated with multiple conditions Engel Moreover, psychological and social disturbances can often influence overall health and exacerbate existing illness-related symptoms Engel For example, we naturally assume that people with high levels of pain and disability always must have had more severe injuries than those who have less pain and disability.
The biopsychosocial model encompasses biological, psychological, social and all other associated processes that include cognitive, affective and behavioral constructs Meints and Edwards It is precisely these biopsychosocial influences that are rarely considered when novel drugs are screened using preclinical models and eventually assessed in clinical trials.
By only evaluating biological contributors, we are missing a fundamental aspect of biological basis of behavior article pain experience and the lack of psychological and social considerations may hinder understanding chronic pain conditions in their entirety.
Herein, we parse out the biopsychosocial framework into distinct lines of pain research that consider biological, cognitive, psychological and social influences. We begin by discussing common biological approaches and our own research that identified genes associated with the development of temporomandibular joint disorder pain in people and then used animal models to understand their involvement in pain processing and identify a biological mechanism Martin et al.
In separate lines of research, we have used unconventional approaches and formed novel collaborations with psychologists and social scientists to perform contemporaneous studies where virtually the same experiment is conducted in mouse and human subjects.
To this end, we have investigated acute pain modulation as an aberrant memory biological basis of behavior article have developed novel models to examine the memory of pain in both mice and people Martin et al. Our work has also highlighted the importance of the social context by studying empathy by using mouse and human subjects Martin et al. More info models—comprising the bulk of preclinical pain research—have received a lot of criticism for their lack of clinical validity.
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Yet, these same animal models provide the blueprints for drug development and ultimately failed clinical trials Bennett and Xie ; Wallace et al. Over the last few decades, only a handful of new and highly efficacious analgesics have been developed by the pharmaceutical industry despite identifying hundreds of novel molecular targets and investment of billions of dollars Kissin ; Woolf However, the majority of analgesics developed within the past five years are mostly conjugates of existing drugs, reformulations or chance observations that have led to the repurposing of drugs designed to treat another disease Smith et al. The failure of animal models has led many in the pain field to re-evaluate preclinical animal models and ask how biological basis of behavior article preclinical research process may be improved.
Several labs now incorporate tissue samples from animal and human donors to understand where similarities and differences may exist Ray et al.
The validation of new molecules by using human tissue is advantageous because confidence in targets increases before progressing toward much more time-intensive and costly clinical trials. However, this approach still does not adequately address what biological substrate—molecules, cells, circuits or systems—should be prioritized to produce the most effective pain therapies.
The development of anti-CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies for the treatment of migraines is a recent example of translational success. The successful development of these drugs was based on a detailed understanding of CGRP signaling, key clinical evidence for the role of https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/negative-impacts-of-socialization-the-positive-effects/what-is-provisional-government.php in migraine headaches and biological basis of behavior article precise role for CGRP in the trigeminovascular system in the pathophysiology of migraine Edvinsson et al. The evidence was too overwhelming for anti-CGRP-based pharmaceuticals not to work as migraine therapeutics; however, this was not an overnight success as CGRP was discovered in and has been extensively studied ever since. In stark contrast, one of the most devastating failures of pharmaceutical translation was the neurokinin 1 NK1 receptor antagonists from rodents to humans.
Despite an overabundance of research focused on the role of substance P in pain transmission, the development of high affinity and biological basis of behavior article NK1 receptor antagonists and the plethora of animal data supporting their utility as analgesics, the clinical trial data did not support the profile of these drugs as effective analgesics in a variety of pain states Boyce and Hill In clinical trials, NK1 receptor argicle failed to show any analgesic efficacy in patients suffering behavoor migraines, visceral pain, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia Borsook et al. In the case of NK1 receptors, their activation induces a redistribution to endosomes that causes sustained excitation behvaior spinal neurons and pain transmission, which is alleviated by targeting endosomal NK1 receptors.
Thus, conventional NK1 receptor antagonists as chronic pain therapies may have failed due to their inability to inhibit internalized NK1 receptors Jensen et al. The presumption that animal models recapitulate the disease being studied see more the hypothesis being pursued can often constrain research. Such assumptions may cloud the interpretation of scientific findings which can often result in the failure of possible drug treatments and therapies in clinical trials.]
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