Electrical engineering crash course Video
What Is Electrical Engineering? electrical engineering crash courseAgree: Electrical engineering crash course
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This is done by taking into account the physical characteristics of the measuring device or sensor. This includes the area of electrodes and the separation distance between the two electrodes. The sensors are quite simple: they comprise a pair of electrodes immersed in the electrolyte solution. Note that cells with small widely-spaced electrodes have cell constants of 1. The cell constant crsh various devices for measuring conductivity varies from 0. The cell constant is usually not calculated, but measured for a particular measuring device or setup using a solution of known conductivity.
This measured value is entered into the meter, which automatically calculates the conductivity from measured conductance or resistance. The simplest method of measuring the conductance is applying a voltage to two flat electrodes immersed in the solution and measuring the resulting current.
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This is called a potentiometric method. There are many difficulties. When DC voltage is used, ions can accumulate near the electrode surfaces and chemical reactions can occur at the surfaces. This will lead to increasing polarization resistance on the electrode surfaces, which, in turn, may lead to erroneous results. If we try to measure the resistance of, for example, sodium chloride solution using a multimeter, we will clearly see that the reading on the display is increasing rather quickly.
To mitigate this electrical engineering crash course, often four electrodes are used instead of two. Electrode polarization can be prevented or reduced by applying an alternating current and adjusting the measuring frequency.
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Low frequencies are used to measure low conductivity, where the polarization resistance is comparatively small. Higher frequencies are used to measure high conductivity values. Frequency is usually automatically adjusted taking into account the measured conductivity of a solution.
Modern digital 2-electrode conductivity meters usually use complex alternating current waveforms and temperature compensation. They are calibrated at the factory and often recalibration is required in the field because of the cell constant changes with time. It can be changed due to contamination or the physical-chemical modification of electrodes.]
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