Generalization conditioning - shall
Updated on November 26, Print In the conditioning process, stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit a fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. One famous psychology experiment perfectly illustrated how stimulus generalization works. In the classic Little Albert experiment, researchers John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned a little boy to fear a white rat. The researchers observed that the boy experienced stimulus generalization by showing fear in response to similar stimuli including a dog, a rabbit, a fur coat, a white Santa Claus beard, and even Watson's own hair. Instead of distinguishing between the fear object and similar stimuli, the little boy became fearful of objects that were similar in appearance to the white rat. Though it should be noted, this experiment has been the subject of much debate and controversy in recent years. generalization conditioningNectar-feeding bats detect flowers by olfaction and probably vision, but also use echolocation and echo-perception of flowers in immediate target surroundings.
The echo received from an interference-rich flower corolla is a function of a bat's own relative position in space. This raises the question how easily a free-flying bat will generalize an echo stimulus from a learning situation to a new spatial context where differences in relative flight generalizstion trajectories may generalization conditioning click an unfamiliar spectral composition of the self-generated echoes.
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We trained free-flying Glossophaga soricina in echoacoustic discrimination in a two-alternative forced-choice 2-AFC paradigm at location A. We generalization conditioning tested at location B for spontaneous transfer of discrimination ability. Bats did coneitioning spontaneously transfer the discrimination ability acquired at A to location B. This lack of spontaneous generalization may have been caused by factors of the underlying learning mechanisms.
In contrast to insect-eating bats that constantly evaluate the environment to detect unpredictable prey, the spatial stability of flowers may allow flower visitors to rely on spatial memory to guide foraging. The 2-AFC task requires the disregard generalization conditioning irrelevance of salient spatial location cues that are different at each new location. In Glossophaga, a conjunction between spatial context and 2-AFC discrimination learning may have inhibited the transfer of generalization conditioning irrelevance of spatial location in the 2-AFC task to new spatial locations.
Alternatively, the bats may have learnt the second discrimination task completely anew, and were faster only because of an acquired learning set. We suggest a dissociation between 2-AFC task acquisition and novel object discrimination learning to resolve the issue.
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Keywords: generalizationobject discriminationlearning setcognitionecho locationtwo-alternative forced-choice conditooning, context specific learningspatialbat Introduction Several hundred species of neotropical plants attract echolocating bats Phyllostomidae as nectar-feeders and pollinators to their flowers at night Dobat, This is mediated by floral odours that are highly attractive to bats Knudsen and Tollsten, ;Bestmann et al. The combined occurrence of UV-sensitivity in flower bats Winter et al. A bat may visit the same generalization conditioning many gneralization per night and such revisits are then mainly guided by spatial memory Thiele and Winter, ; Winter and Stich, The importance generalization conditioning echolocation to detect and discriminate flowers is probably restricted to orientation in the immediate target surroundings.
Other bat-pollinated flowers are bell-shaped or of other echoacoustically conspicuous form for details, see von Helversen et al. Since these features differ with respect to the echoes of leaves or other objects from surrounding vegetation it has been speculated that such echoes may link flower detection von Helversen et al.
The echo signal or stimulus a bat receives from a given flower target is a function of this bat's own position in space and generalization conditioning of echo call generation.
Introduction
This is caused by spectral interference. Feeders with their echoacoustic stimuli. Generalization conditioning large Download slide Feeders with their echoacoustic stimuli. In the laboratory, flower bats Glossophaginae readily learn to discriminate echoacoustic stimuli von Helversen and von Helversen, generalization conditioning von Helversen, ; Thiele and Winter, Glossophaga soricina is also capable of size-independent generalization of hollow forms that differ in curvature e. But will a bat recognize flower shape cues learnt at one spatial location, when confronted with such flowers at a different spatial location with a potential change in appearance? This recognition task is treated as a problem of stimulus constancy in the generwlization perception literature.]
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