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Modernism is both a philosophical movement and an art movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, and social organization which reflected the newly emerging industrial worldincluding features such as urbanizationnew technologies, and war.
Artists attempted to fo from traditional forms of art, which they considered outdated or obsolete.
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The poet Ezra Pound 's injunction to "Make it New" was the touchstone of the movement's approach. Modernist innovations included abstract artthe stream-of-consciousness novel, montage cinemaatonal and twelve-tone music, and divisionist painting. Modernism explicitly rejected the lf of realism [a] [2] [3] and made use of the works of the past by the employment of repriseincorporation stereotypes africa, rewriting, recapitulationrevision and parody. While some scholars see modernism continuing into the 21st century, others see it evolving into late modernism or high modernism. Some commentators define modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines. the end of modernism
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Others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of specific reactions moddrnism the use of technology in the First World War, and anti-technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche — to Samuel Beckett — According to Roger Griffinmodernism can be defined in a maximalist vision as a broad cultural, social, or political initiative, sustained by the ethos of "the temporality of modernis new". According to one critic, modernism developed out of Romanticism 's revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values: "The ground motive of modernism, Graff asserts, was criticism of the nineteenth-century bourgeois social order and its world view [ Turner —one of the greatest landscape painters of the 19th the end of modernism, was a member of the Romantic movementas "a pioneer in the study of light, colour, and atmosphere", he "anticipated the French Impressionists " and therefore modernism "in breaking down conventional formulas of representation; [though] unlike them, he believed that his the end of modernism should always express significant historical, mythological, literary, or other narrative themes.
The dominant trends of industrial Victorian England were opposed, from aboutby the English poets and painters that constituted the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhoodbecause of their "opposition to technical skill without inspiration. The Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet —with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins.
They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough. However, the Industrial Revolution continued. Influential innovations included steam-powered industrialization, and especially the development of railways, starting in Britain in the o, [26] and the subsequent advancements in physics, engineering, and architecture associated with this.
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A major 19th-century go here achievement was The Crystal Palacethe huge cast-iron and plate glass exhibition hall built for the Great Exhibition of in London. Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in Londonsuch as Paddington Station [27] and King's Cross station The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be.
These engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. The human experience of time the end of modernism was altered, with the development of the electric telegraph from[29] and the adoption the end of modernism standard time by British railway companies fromand in the rest of the world over the next fifty years.
Despite continuing technological advances, the idea that history and civilization were inherently progressive, and that progress was always good, came under increasing attack in the nineteenth century.
Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, and could not move forward in its present form. Early in the century, the philosopher Schopenhauer — The World as Will and Representationhad called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness. In particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as "lower animals" proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Historians, and here in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism.
Historian William Everdellfor example, the end of modernism argued that modernism began in the s, when metaphorical or ontological continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind 's — Dedekind the end of modernismand Ludwig Boltzmann 's — statistical thermodynamics.]
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