discrimination definition psychology
Islamophobia is the fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general, [1] [2] [3] especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism. The meaning of the term continues to be debated, and some view it as problematic. Several scholars consider Islamophobia to be a form of xenophobia or racismalthough the legitimacy of this definition is disputed. Some scholars view Islamophobia and racism as partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute the relationship, primarily on the grounds that religion is not a race. The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are discrimination definition psychology subjects of debate. Go here commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacksthe rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levantand other terror attacks in Europe and the United States by Islamic discrimination definition psychology.
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Some have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States and in the European Unionwhile others view it as a response to the emergence of a global Muslim identity. There are a number of other possible terms which go here also used psychologt discrimination definition psychology to refer to negative feelings and attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, such as anti-Muslimismintolerance against Muslimsanti-Muslim prejudiceanti-Muslim bigotryhatred of Muslimsanti-IslamismMuslimophobiademonisation of Islamor demonisation of Muslims.
In German, Islamophobie fear and Islamfeindlichkeit hostility are used.
The Scandinavian term Muslimhat literally means "hatred of Muslims". When discrimination towards Muslims has placed an emphasis on their religious affiliation and adherence, it has discrimination definition psychology termed Muslimphobia, the alternative form of Muslimophobia, [8] Islamophobism, [9] antimuslimness psychokogy antimuslimism. The word Islamophobia is a neologism [25] formed from Islam and -phobiaa Greek suffix used in English to form "nouns with the hardekopf ben 'fear of — — ', 'aversion to — — '.
It is attested in English as early as [27] to quote the French word islamophobiefound in a thesis published by Alain Quellien in to describe a "a prejudice against Islam that is widespread among the peoples of Western and Christian civilization ".
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It is directed at discrimination definition psychology perceived or real Muslim threat through the maintenance and extension of existing disparities in economic, political, social and cultural relations, while rationalizing the necessity to deploy violence as a tool to achieve 'civilizational rehab' of the target communities Muslim or otherwise. Islamophobia reintroduces and reaffirms a global racial structure through which resource distribution disparities are maintained and extended. In the Runnymede report, Islamophobia was defined as "an outlook or world-view involving an unfounded dread and dislike of Muslims, which results in practices of exclusion and discrimination.
The symposium proposed a definition of Islamophobia which rejected the idea read article Islamophobia discrimination definition psychology being the product of closed and open views of Islam and focused on Islamophobia as performative which problematized Muslim agency and identity. The symposium was an early attempt to bring insights from critical race theorypostcolonial and decolonial thought to bear on the question of Islamophobia.
Nonetheless, he argued that the term is here to stay, and that it is important to define it precisely. The exact definition of Islamophobia continues to be discussed with academics such as Chris Allen saying that it lacks a clear definition.]
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