Dr bruce bueno de mesquita predictions - have quickly
. dr bruce bueno de mesquita predictions
Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has proven a challenge to healthcare systems since its first appearance in late The global spread and devastating effects of coronavirus disease COVID on patients have resulted in countless studies on risk factors and disease progression.
Here we review the biology of coronavirus infections in relation to obesity. In particular, we review literature about the impact of adiposity-related systemic inflammation on the COVID disease severity, involving cytokine, chemokine, leptin, and growth hormone signaling, and we discuss the involvement of hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS.
Due to the sheer number of publications on COVID, we cannot be completed, and therefore, we apologize for all the publications that we do not cite. Obesity is defined as a too high body weight compared to height.
The obesity pandemic
Excess energy from the diet is stored as fat in the white adipose tissue WATdistributed widely throughout the body. WAT is subdivided in two major categories; visceral fat depots around abdominal viscera in mesentery and omentum and subcutaneous fat depots under the skin. In addition to fat-storing adipocytes, WAT contains immune cells.
Together, they affect whole-body homeostasis through metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions. Chronic overnutrition and resulting obesity cause severe derangements drr these functions, associated with increased leptin secretion, local inflammation, and release of inflammatory mediators that may negatively affect the function of other tissues [ 2 ]. This low-grade inflammatory state is a major risk factor for developing diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease [ 2 — 5 ].
The health consequences of obesity are linked to the side of fat storage with the accumulation of visceral fat being associated with more adverse health outcomes, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome, as opposed to the healthier fat accumulation in the subcutaneous depots [ 67 ]. Excessive fat in WAT is stored largely without the number of adipocytes increasing, resulting in adipocyte hypertrophy, which is associated with reduced oxygen supply and hypoxia, and an increase in macrophage infiltration and inflammation [ 8 — 10 ]. Since the storage capacity of the hypertrophic cells is limited, fat starts to accumulate in ectopic tissues such as the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles [ 8 ]. This dyslipidemia further promotes metabolic disorders.]
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