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Administration officials say their approach invests in the future. Installing fiber optic cables to provide high-speed internet to rural residents in Amherst, Va. Internet access has economy of means definition been regarded as something akin to roads and bridges for the digital era. Does it encompass the traditional idea of fixing roads, building bridges and financing other tangible projects? Or, in an evolving economy, does it expand to include initiatives like investing in broadband, electric car charging stations and care for older and disabled Americans? That is the debate shaping up as Republicans attack Mr. Biden pushed back on Monday, saying that after years of calling for infrastructure spending that included power lines, internet cables and other programs beyond transportation, Republicans had narrowed their definition to exclude key components of his plan.
Behind the political fight is a deep, nuanced and evolving economic literature on the subject. It boils down to this: The economy has changed, and so has the definition of infrastructure. Economists largely agree that infrastructure now means more than just roads and bridges and extends to the building blocks of a modern, high-tech service economy of means definition — broadband, for example.
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But even some economists who have carefully studied that shift say the Biden plan stretches the limits of what counts. Edward Glaeser, an economist at Harvard University, is working on a project on infrastructure for the National Bureau of Economic Research that receives funding from the Transportation Department.
He said that several provisions in Mr. Glaeser said. That includes investments in people, like the creation of high-paying union jobs or raising wages for a home health work force that is dominated by women of color. Image A child care center in Queens, N. For those who support an expansive definition of infrastructure, anything that helps people work and lead productive lives counts.
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Glenn Hubbard, an economics professor at Columbia Business School and a longtime Republican adviser, said in an email. But inside the Trojan horse is going to be more borrowed money and massive tax increases. Take broadband, something that conservative lawmakers have in the past clearly counted as infrastructure.
While Mr. But one of Mr. Biden in the White House. Other economists back the idea that the definition has changed. Dan Sichel, an economics professor at Wellesley College and a former Federal Reserve economy of means definition official, said it could be helpful to think of what comprises infrastructure as a series of concentric circles: a basic inner band made up of roads and bridges, a larger social ring of schools and hospitals, then a digital layer including things like cloud computing.
There could also be an intangible layer, like open-source software or weather data. Because the economy has changed, it is important that our definitions are updated, Mr. Sichel said. The debate over the meaning of infrastructure is not new.]
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