Philosophical assumptions[ edit ] Many of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality theorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions history of personality theory hold. Personalify study of personality is not a purely empirical discipline, as it brings in elements of artscienceand philosophy to draw general conclusions.
The following five categories are some of the most fundamental philosophical assumptions on which theorists disagree: [4] Freedom versus determinism — This is the question of whether humans have control over their own behavior and understand the motives behind it, or if their behavior is causally determined by forces beyond their control. Behavior is categorized as being either unconscious, environmental or biological by various theories. Contemporary research suggests that most personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment.
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One of the forerunners in this arena is C. Robert Cloningerwho pioneered the Temperament and Character model. Gordon AllportAbraham Maslowand Carl Rogers were perspnality advocates of the uniqueness of individuals. Behaviorists and cognitive theorists, in contrast, emphasize the importance of universal principles, such as reinforcement and self-efficacy. Traditional behavioral theorists typically believed that humans are passively shaped by their environments, whereas humanistic and cognitive theorists believe that humans play a more active role.
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Theories that place a great deal of emphasis on learning are often more optimistic than those that do not. Personality types are distinguished from personality traitswhich come in different degrees. There are many theories of personality, but each one contains several and sometimes many sub theories. A "theory of personality" constructed by any given psychologist will contain multiple relating theories or sub personailty often expanding as more psychologists explore the theory.
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According to trait theories, introversion and extroversion are part of a continuous dimension with many people in the middle. The idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung[9] specifically in his book Psychologische Typen Psychological Types and William Marston. Briggs, delineated personality types by constructing the Myers—Briggs Type Indicator.
Later on many other tests were developed on this model e. Theories could also be considered an "approach" to personality or psychology and is generally referred to as a model. The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality, accepting extroversion and introversion as basic psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of psychological functions: Perceiving functions: sensing and intuition trust in concrete, sensory-oriented facts vs.
Briggs and Myers also added another personality dimension to their type indicator to measure whether a person prefers to use a judging or perceiving function when source with the external world.
Therefore, they included questions designed to indicate whether someone wishes to come to conclusions judgement or to keep options open perception.]
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