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Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation , from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation. Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations. While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, forms of the practice appeared throughout history. The practice of adoption in ancient Rome is well-documented in the Codex Justinianus. Markedly different from the modern period, ancient adoption practices put emphasis on the political and economic interests of the adopter, [4] providing a legal tool that strengthened political ties between wealthy families and created male heirs to manage estates. Infant adoption during Antiquity appears rare. Although not normally adopted under Roman Law, the children, called alumni , were reared in an arrangement similar to guardianship, being considered the property of the father who abandoned them.With: Racial formation in the united states pdf
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The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 14 million [13] [14] people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , [3] with English, Shona , and Ndebele the most common. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms such as the Rozvi and Mthwakazi kingdoms, as well as being a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during when they conquered Mashonaland and later in Matabeleland after a fierce resistance by Matabele people known as the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in AprilRacial formation in the united states pdf Video
Racial Formation Theory racial formation in the united states pdfHigher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education is also referred as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education.
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It is delivered at 4, Title IV degree-granting institutions, known as colleges or universities. US higher education is loosely regulated by several third-party organizations. According to the National Center for Education Statistics NCES and National Student Clearinghousecollege enrollment has declined since a peak in — and is projected to continue declining or be stagnant for the next two decades.
The US is unique in its investment in highly competitive NCAA sports, particularly in American football and basketballwith large sports stadiums and arenas.
Religious denominations established early colleges in order to train ministers. Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in According to historian John Thelinmost instructors were lowly paid 'tutors'. Protestants and Catholics opened over hundreds of small denominational colleges in the formstion century. In they enrolled 46 percent of all U. Many closed or merged but in there were over in operation. Schools were small, with a limited undergraduate curriculum based on the liberal arts. Students were drilled in Greek, Latin, geometry, ancient history, logic, ethics and rhetoric, with few discussions and no lab sessions.
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Originality and creativity were not prized, but exact repetition was rewarded. College presidents typically enforced strict discipline, and upperclassman enjoyed hazing freshman.
Many students were younger than 17, and most colleges also operated a preparatory school. There were no organized sports, or Greek-letter fraternities, but literary societies were active.
Source was low and scholarships were few. Many of their students were sons of clergymen; most planned professional careers as ministers, lawyers or teachers. The nation's small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations. These schools promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers and providing towns with a core of community leaders. Elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed little upward social mobility.
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By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families, and ministers, elite Eastern colleges such as Harvard, played a role in the formation of a Northeastern elite. The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, less than 1, colleges withstudents existed in the US. The number of colleges skyrocketed in waves, during the early and mid 20th century. State universities grew from small institutions of fewer than 1, students to campuses with 40, more students, with networks of regional campuses around the state. In turn, regional campuses broke away and became separate universities.]
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