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People who continually cancel plans at the last minute, also known as social-zappers, tend to have dark personality traits such as Machiavellianism and narcissism , according to a new study. According to the researchers, the questionnaire included various personality scales, including the Dark Triad, which comprises the personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, as well as scales for determining impulsiveness, procrastination and fear of missing out FOMO. Upon analysing the results of the questionnaires, the researchers found that all of the traits except for fear of missing out were positively linked to social-zapping behaviour. Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Start your Independent Premium subscription today. self-interest studyNavigation menu
Face-Negotiation Theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey into understand how people from different self-interest study manage rapport and disagreements. In conflicts, one's face is threatened; and thus the person tends to save or restore his or her face. This set of communicative behaviors, according to the theory, is called " facework ".
Since people frame the situated meaning of "face" self-interest study enact "facework" differently from one culture to the next, the theory poses a cultural-general framework to examine facework negotiation. It is important to note that the definition of face varies depending on the people and their culture and the same can be said for the proficiency of facework. In this theory, "face" is a metaphor for self-image, which originated from two Chinese conceptualizations: lien and mianzi.
Lien is the internal moral face that involves shame, integrity, debasement, and honor issues. Mien-tzu, on the other hand, is self-ingerest external social face that involves social recognition, position, authority, influence and power. Erving Goffman also situated "face" in contemporary Western self-interest study and conceptualized the terms lien and mien-Tzu as identity and ego.
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The two forms of facework include restorative and preventive. Restorative facework is the act of reinstating face after the loss of it has taken place; the preventive face is the act of communicating to safeguard the threat of face being lost. Thus participant's wants are of more importance than the interaction itself self-interest study a face-saving view of politeness.
In fact, researchers Brown and Levinson posit that face is something that "is emotionally invested, and can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended self-interest study in interaction". Ting-Toomey expanded this thinking and conceptualized face as an individual's claimed sense of favorable social self-image in a relational and network context.
With these concepts and frameworks, the face-negotiation theory investigated intercultural conflict styles. The perceived or actual conflict differences revolved self-interest study three issues: content, relational, and identity. Relational conflict refers to how individuals define, or would like to define, the particular relationship in that particular conflict episode. The identity-based conflict concerns issues of identity confirmation-rejection, respect-disrespect, and approval-disapproval. A face-threatening episode is an identity expectancy violation episode. Thus, the face-negotiation theory views conflict, intercultural conflict in particular, as a situation that demands active facework management from the two interdependent conflict parties.
It can also be noted that in face-negotiation, individuals negotiate face not only with others self-interest study with themselves, go here well.
click The theory has gone through multiple iterations since its creation. There is a version of seven assumptions and 12 propositions, [12] a version of seven assumptions and 32 propositions, [4] and most recent the version of seven assumptions self-interest study 24 propositions. Face and facework are universal phenomena. Thus, the theory assumes that: [14].]
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