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In linguistics and logica proposition is the meaning of a declarative sentence. In philosophy" meaning " is understood to be a non-linguistic entity which is shared by all sentences with the same meaning.
While the term "proposition" may sometimes be used in everyday language to refer to a linguistic statement which can be either true or false, the technical philosophical term, which differs from the mathematical usage, refers exclusively to the non-linguistic meaning behind the statement.
The term is often used very broadly and can also refer to various related concepts, both in the history of philosophy and in contemporary analytic wyat.
It can generally be used to refer to some or all of the following: The primary bearers of truth values such as "true" and "false" ; the go here of belief and other propositional attitudes i. Since propositions are defined as the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity, this means that the term "proposition" does not refer to particular thoughts or particular utterances which are not sharable across different instancesnor does it refer to concrete events or facts which cannot be false.
Aristotelian logic spewch a categorical proposition as a sentence which affirms or denies a predicate of a subjectoptionally with the help of a copula. An Aristotelian proposition may take the form of "All men are mortal" or "Socrates is a man.
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Often, propositions are related to closed formulae or logical sentence to distinguish them from what is expressed by an open formula. In this sense, propositions are "statements" that are truth-bearers. This conception of a proposition was supported by the philosophical school of logical positivism. Some philosophers argue that some or all kinds of speech or actions besides the declarative ones also have propositional content. For example, yes—no questions present propositions, being inquiries into the truth value of them. On the other hand, some signs can be declarative assertions of propositions, without forming a sentence nor even being linguistic e. Propositions are also spoken of as the content of beliefs and similar intentional attitudesmore info as desires, preferences, and hopes.
For example, "I desire that I have a new car ," or "I wonder whether it will snow " or, whether it is the case that "it will snow".
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Desire, belief, whag, and so on, are thus called propositional attitudes when they take this sort of content. Bertrand Russell held that propositions were structured entities with objects and properties as constituents. For instance, the proposition "two plus two equals four" is distinct on a Russellian account from the proposition "three plus three equals six". If propositions are sets of possible worlds, however, then all mathematical truths and all other necessary truths are the same set the set of all possible worlds. In relation to the mind, propositions are discussed primarily as they fit into propositional attitudes.
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Propositional attitudes are ix attitudes characteristic of folk psychology belief, desire, etc. In English, propositions usually follow folk psychological attitudes by a "that clause" e. In philosophy of mind and psychologymental states are often taken to primarily consist in propositional attitudes. The propositions are usually said to be the "mental content" of the attitude.
For example, if Jane has a mental state of believing that it is raining, her mental content zpeech the proposition 'it is raining. Philosophical debates surrounding propositions as they relate to propositional attitudes have also recently centered on whether they are internal or external to the agent, or whether they are mind-dependent or mind-independent entities. For more, see the entry on internalism and externalism in philosophy of mind. As noted above, in Aristotelian logic a proposition is a particular kind of sentence a declarative sentence that affirms or denies a predicate of a subjectoptionally with the help of a copula. Propositions show up in modern formal logic as sentences of a formal language.
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A formal language begins with different types of symbols. These types can include variablesoperatorsfunction symbolspredicate or relation symbolsquantifiersand propositional constants. Symbols are concatenated together according to puurpose rules, in order to construct strings to which truth-values will be assigned.
The rules specify how the operators, function and predicate symbols, and quantifiers are to be concatenated with other strings. A proposition is then a string with a specific form. The form that a proposition takes depends on the type of logic. The type of logic called propositional, sentential, or statement logic includes only operators and propositional constants as symbols in its language.]
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