Which of the following is an example of punishment? Video
Examples of Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning Explained which of the following is an example of punishment?.Barbed wire is a feature of prisons. A modern jail cell.
Hester Prynne at the Stocks — an engraved illustration from an edition of The Read article Letter Punishment of an offender in HungaryThere are a large number of different understandings of what punishment is. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents may do pf punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime. Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things.
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It can also seen as cruel and unnecessary. It can also be seen to do more harm than good. In philosophy[ edit ] Various philosophers have presented definitions of punishment. Main article: Punishment psychology Introduced by B. Skinnerpunishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. Along with reinforcement it belongs under the operant conditioning category.
Operant conditioning refers to learning with either punishment often confused as negative reinforcement or a reward that serves as a positive reinforcement of the lesson to be learned. Extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment, while removing an offending student's recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not which of the following is an example of punishment?, it is not considered punishment. There is some conflation of punishment and aversivesthough an aversion that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment in psychology. Punishment is sometimes called retaliatory or moralistic aggression ; [19] it has been observed in all[ clarification needed ] species of social animalsleading evolutionary biologists to conclude that it is an which of the following is an example of punishment? stable strategyselected because it favors cooperative behavior.
During a period of heavy fishing and tourism that encroached on their territory, they started to live in groups, learning from each other, especially hunting techniques. Small, younger octopuses could be near the fully grown octopuses without being eaten by them, even though they, like other Octopus vulgariswere cannibals until just before the group formation.
The authors also note that the octopuses adopted observational learning without any evolutionary history of specialized adaptation for it. There is proof of honey bee workers with mutations that makes them fertile laying eggs only when other honey bees are not observing them, and that the few that are caught in the act are killed. The authors argue that this falsifies the claim that punishment evolved as a strategy to deal with individuals capable of knowing what they are doing. That punishment of individuals with certain characteristics including but, in principle, not restricted to mental abilities selects against those characteristics, making evolution of any mental abilities considered to be the basis for click here responsibility impossible in populations subject to such selective punishment.
Pros and cons of capital punishment essays
Certain scientists argue that this disproves the notion of humans having a biological feeling of intentional transgressions deserving to be punished. Criminals are punished judicially, by finescorporal punishment or custodial sentences such as prison ; detainees risk further punishments for breaches of internal rules.
Slavesdomestic and other servants are subject to punishment by their masters. Employees can still be subject check this out a contractual form of fine or demotion. Most hierarchical organizations, such as military and police forces, or even churches, still apply quite ot internal discipline, even with a judicial system of their own court martialcanonical courts.
Punishment may also be applied on moral, especially religious, grounds, as in penance which is voluntary or imposed in a theocracy o a religious police as in a strict Islamic state like Iran or under the Taliban or though not a true theocracy by Inquisition. Hell as punishment[ edit ] Belief that an individual's ultimate punishment is being sent by God, the highest authority, to an existence in Hell, a place believed to exist in the after-life, typically corresponds to sins committed during their life.]
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