indus river valley civilization geography
The Indus Valley civilization of ancient India was one of the earliest civilizations in https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/general-motors-and-the-affecting-factors-of/blut-und-ehre-knife.php history. It was located in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, and its rise and fall form the first great chapter in the history of ancient India.
The civilization is famous for its large and well-planned cities.
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Over 1, cities and settlements have been found. Most of these are geograpyh, but amongst them are some of the largest cities of their time, especially Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Indus Valley Civilization Map click to see in atlas. Settlements which were closely related to the core civilization — and may have been colonies of it — have been found in Afghanistan source central Asia.
The huge Indus river system waters a rich agricultural landscape. The Indus plain is surrounded by high mountains, desert and ocean, and at that time there were dense forests and swamps indus river valley civilization geography the east. Prior to BCE, the Indian sub-continent was home to hunter-gatherers as in the rest of the world, bas some regions in the Middle East, where farming had been spreading since BCE. The earliest remains of Neolithic communities have been found in western Pakistan. This is the closest area in South Asia to the Middle East; this, along with the fact that their staple crops, wheat and barley, were those grown to the west, makes it a natural inference that farming peoples arrived here from outside the region, ultimately from the Middle East.
There are some contrary indications to this idea, however.
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There is evidence for continuity from earlier, hunter-gatherer times https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/a-simple-barcoding-system-has-changed-inventory/do-vaccinations-cause-autism.php the style of stone tools found; and the type indus river valley civilization geography cattle here were smaller than those found in the Middle East, suggesting that local Zebu cattle had been domesticated. In any event, small farming and pastoral villages spread across the northwest of the subcontinent. The earliest of these had no pottery to use the jargon, theirs was an aceramic culture ; but by c. By the start of the 4th millennium farming communities dotted the flood plain of the river Indus; and from the mid-4th millennium, proto-urban settlements had appeared which shared traits which would later appear in Indus Valley cities: rigid city planning, massive brick walls and bull motifs in their art.
Trade networks expanded, particularly with the west. Craft manufacture became more specialized and sophisticated.
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Wheel-thrown ceramics appeared from c. The quality of municipal town planning indicates that these communities were controlled by efficient governments.
These clearly placed a high priority on accessibility to water. Modern scholars tend to see in this the influence of a religion which places a string emphasis on ritual washing — much like modern Hinduism. Hygiene was also important to the inhabitants. Within the city, people obtained water from wells.]
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