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| Famas variants | 3 days ago · HIV and AIDS disproportionately affect African Americans more than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. Representing only 13% of the U.S. population, African-American adults and adolescents comprise more than half of all HIV/AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The present incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the black community in . 2 days ago · Harms of excluding Pregnant Women from Clinical Research: The Case of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women - Volume 24 Issue 1. 3 days ago · MMWR / June 29, / Vol. 67 / No. 25 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevalence and Predictors of Provider-Initiated HIV Test Offers Among Heterosexual Persons at Increased Risk for Acquiring HIV Infection — Virginia, Karen L. Diepstra, MPH. 1. |
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Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq cdc. Type Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Persons who inject drugs should use a new, sterile needle and syringe for each injection 1. Syringe exchange programs SEPs provide free sterile syringes and collect used syringes from injection-drug users IDUs to reduce transmission of bloodborne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus HIVhepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus HCV.
To characterize SEPs in the United States, this report summarizes huv findings from that survey and compares them with previous SEP survey results from the period 2 Inthe SEPs reported exchanging Providing comprehensive prevention services and referrals to IDUs, such as those offered by many SEPs, can help reduce the spread mmwr hiv bloodborne infections and should increase access to health care and substance abuse treatment, thus serving as an effective public health approach for this mmwr hiv. Follow-up telephone mmer were conducted with mmwr hiv program directors by research staff members to clarify unclear or missing responses received on hard copy surveys.
To protect participant confidentiality, mmwr hiv SEPs do not collect client-level data e. The data collection and mmwd methods for this report are similar to those used in previous SEP surveys 2 The analyses for this report are limited to frequencies. To assess changes in funding over time, budgets from previous years were adjusted to dollars.
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Data were compiled to show the numbers of programs known to NASEN, numbers of programs completing the surveys, syringes huv, and budget information for the surveys conducted from through Table 1. Rapid growth occurred in the number of SEPs mmwr hiv the United States in the s and early s, followed by sprawl essay urban incremental growth hi SEPs were categorized as small, medium, large, or very large mmwr hiv on the number of syringes exchanged during Table 2 ; SEPs reported exchanging a total of 29 million syringes in Inmany SEPs operated multiple sites, including fixed sites and mobile units.
The total number of hours that clients were served by SEPs was summed for all sites operated by each program. In addition to exchanging syringes, SEPs provided various supplies, services, and referrals in ; the percentage of programs providing each type of service was similar for the period Table 3. The findings in this report indicate mmwr hiv, inthe number of SEPs and the number of syringes exchanged remained similar to recent years, in contrast to a period of rapid growth from the mids through the early s.
Budgets for SEPs increased from throughwith the majority of funds coming from public sources. SEP budgets support syringe exchange and various prevention services, clinical care, and referral to substance abuse treatment.
SEPs contribute to a comprehensive approach to the prevention of bloodborne infections among IDUs and can serve as a frontline source of health services for IDUs 4. The need for a comprehensive approach to HIV prevention for IDU is reflected in the implementation guidance for syringe services programs issued by the U. Multiple reviews have concluded that syringe exchange leads to reductions in injecting risk behaviors among IDUs 5,6. Injection-related transmission is the only adult transmission category to show a reduction of this magnitude. Mmwr hiv services offered by SEPs, such as prevention of HCV infection mmwr hiv referrals to substance abuse treatment, should confer even greater benefits 10 ; additional research is needed on the role of SEPs in the prevention of HCV infection.
The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. Second, certain SEPs operating within larger, community-based organizations were not able to report exact budget information because of difficulties in allocating shared costs across administrative units. Mmwr hiv, client-level information on the extent and use of preventive health services is not available. Finally, data collected were based on self-reports by program directors and were not verified independently. The data in this report are from program operations duringin mmwr hiv midst of an economic downturn in the United States.
State and local governments continue to experience budget difficulties, which might impact public health adversely.]
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