Site of aerobic respiration - opinion
Aerobic respiration refers to complete breakdown of metabolic fuels in presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is the process of partial breakdown of fuel glucose in absence of oxygen. It includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The first two processes take place in the cytoplasm while last one occurs in mitochondria. Glycolysis is followed by ethanol fermentation occurs in yeast or lactic acid fermentation in muscles and microbes like lactic acid bacteria. The end products are carbon dioxide and water. End products of ethanol fermentation are ethanol and carbon dioxide; that of lactic acid fermentation are lactic acid. Owing to complete oxidation of glucose, a large amount of energy is produced ATP molecules 4. Incomplete oxidation of glucose does not release all stored energy and only 2 ATP molecules are produced. site of aerobic respirationSite of aerobic respiration Video
Respiration: Aerobic vs AnaerobicAgnieszka K. Dymowska, Thomas Manfredi, Joshua J. Rosenthal, Brad A. Seibel; Temperature compensation of aerobic capacity and performance in respigation Antarctic pteropod, Clione antarcticacompared with its northern congener, C. J Exp Biol 1 October ; 19 : — In ectotherms living in cold waters, locomotory performance is constrained by a slower generation of the ATP that is needed to fuel muscle contraction.
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Both polar and temperate pteropods of the genus Clionehowever, are able siet swim continuously by flapping their parapodia wings at comparable frequencies at their respective habitat temperatures. Therefore, we expected polar species to have increased aerobic capacities in their wing muscles when measured at common site of aerobic respiration. We also measured oxygen consumption and the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase CS in isolated wings of the two species. The Antarctic species showed a substantial up-regulation of the density of oxidative muscle fibers, but at the expense of fast-twitch muscle fibers.
Mitochondrial capacity was also substantially increased in the Antarctic species, with the cristae surface density Arctic C. The values for cold-adapted populations are on par with those found in high-performance vertebrates. As a result of oxidative muscle proliferation, CS activity was 4-fold greater in C. Oxygen consumption of isolated wing preparations was comparable in the two species when measured at their respective habitat temperatures.
The elevated capacity in the wing muscles is reflected in the partial https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/japan-s-impact-on-japan/camel-cigarette-coupons.php of whole-animal oxygen consumption and feeding rates. In ectotherms inhabiting cold waters, rates of substrate diffusion and enzymatic activity are constrained by the low temperature for a review, see Guderley and St-Pierre, This may result in a decreased capacity for the synthesis of ATP that is used for force generation in locomotory muscles Clark, Site of aerobic respiration, in terms of ATP, the cost of muscle contraction is believed to be independent of temperature, being dependent, primarily, respiation the frequency of muscle contraction cf. Suarez, Therefore, locomotory muscles of ectotherms that stay active in cold temperatures may be expected to undergo physiological modifications to increase the aerobic capacity for ATP production Egginton and Sidell, ; Johnston et al.
Fish and some invertebrates exposed to seasonal or latitudinal reductions in temperature show proliferation of aerobic muscle fibers Sidell, ; Johnston and Maitland, ; Tyler and Sidell, as well as an enhanced metabolic capacity of those fibers via 1 elevated mitochondrial densities Johnston et al. Such modifications presumably enhance aerobic capacity because mitochondria are the primary site of aerobic ATP production. However, mitochondria may also facilitate intracellular oxygen diffusion, which is also constrained in cold water Sidell, ]
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