Social deviance is a breach of Video
Theory \u0026 Deviance: Crash Course Sociology #19 social deviance is a breach of
Barbed wire is sockal feature of prisons. A modern jail cell. Hester Prynne at the Stocks — an engraved illustration from an edition of The Scarlet Letter Punishment of an offender in HungaryThere are a large number of different understandings of what punishment is. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys.
People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime. Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. It can also seen as cruel and unnecessary.
It can also be seen to do more harm than good. In philosophy[ edit ] Various philosophers have presented definitions of punishment. Main article: Punishment psychology Introduced by B. Skinnerpunishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. Along with reinforcement it belongs under the operant conditioning category.
Operant conditioning refers to learning with either punishment often confused as negative reinforcement or a reward that serves as a positive reinforcement of the lesson to be learned. Extra chores or spanking are social deviance is a breach of of positive punishment, while removing an offending student's recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease, it is not considered punishment. There is some conflation of punishment and aversivesthough an aversion that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment in psychology.
Punishment is sometimes called retaliatory or moralistic aggression ; [19] it has been observed in all[ clarification deviiance ] species of social animalsleading evolutionary biologists to conclude that it is an evolutionarily stable strategyselected because it favors cooperative behavior. During a period of heavy fishing and tourism that encroached on their territory, they started to idriveddlcitizenship in groups, learning from each other, especially hunting techniques.
Small, younger octopuses could be near the fully grown octopuses without being eaten by them, even though they, like other Octopus vulgariswere cannibals until just before the group formation. The authors brdach note that the octopuses adopted observational learning without any evolutionary history of specialized adaptation for it. There is proof of honey bee workers with mutations that makes them fertile laying eggs only when other honey bees are not observing them, and that the few that are caught in the act are killed.
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The authors argue that this falsifies the claim that punishment evolved as a strategy to deal with individuals capable of knowing what they are doing. That punishment of individuals with certain characteristics including but, in principle, not restricted to mental abilities selects against those characteristics, making evolution of any mental abilities considered to be the basis for penal responsibility impossible in populations subject to such selective punishment. Certain scientists argue that this disproves the notion of humans having a biological feeling of intentional transgressions deserving to be punished.]
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