Environmental effects of war - valuable phrase
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Environmental issues in Vietnam are numerous and varied. This is due in part to the effects of the Vietnam Warand also because of Vietnam's rapid industrialization following the economic reforms in known as Doi Moiamongst other reasons. Officially, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MONRE of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam lists environmental issues to include land, water, geology and minerals, and seas and islands, amongst others [1].
According to the State of the Environment published by the government, the main environmental issues in Vietnam are land degradationforest degradationloss of biodiversitywater pollutionair pollution and solid waste management. For example, according to a World Bank study in [3]climate change has become a major concern because Vietnam is expected to be seriously impacted by climate related consequences in the years to come. The Environmental effects of war manages environmental issues in Vietnam at the national level.
The Vietnamese Communist Party VCP and Vietnamese party-state are not the only actors playing key roles as far as environmental issues are concerned. The environmental movement, part of Vietnam's civil society, consisting of grassroots organizations and non-governmental organizations NGOs such as the Institute of Ecological Economics, is also a significant actor. Go here this entry, the history of the role which the environmental movement in Vietnam has played in influencing how environmental issues have unfolded and been perceived by the state and by society environmental effects of war be examined. From onwards, when Vietnam was reunified under VCP leadership, commentators have often claimed that civic life diminished under tight state control.
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However, the commonplace impression of Vietnam as an ostensibly communist authoritarian state where social here community movements are either rare or do not have much effect on government or policy decisions has been demonstrated not to be the case. Neither is it the case that all instances of resistance or dissent are met monolithically with a uniform strategy of repression by the Vietnamese party-state.
For example, Benedict Kerkvliet has documented repeated instances of citizen criticisms of authorities' alleged tolerance when environmental effects of war came to Chinese economic malpractices in bauxite mining activities, which were at least to a limited extent tolerated environmental effects of war the authorities [5]. While Kerkvliet frames the anti-bauxite movement in terms of anti-Chinese sentiments, it can also be framed as indicative of growing socio-political opposition, as Jason Morris-Jung does see section on " anti-bauxite environment movement" below.
Prior to Doi Moi and the Vietnam War, it is not the case that there https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-technology-in/why-smoking-should-not-be-banned.php a complete lack of an environmental consciousness in Vietnam.
In fact, the history of environmental issues in Vietnam goes as far back as at least the s. For example, environmental https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/african-slaves-during-the-nineteenth-century/clean-panda-song.php had surfaced in environmental effects of war context of industrial and economic activities, such as the detrimental environmental effects of highly polluting industries [6].
However, there is little by way of evidence that social movements organized around the cause of the environment were specifically a feature of Vietnamese civic life at the time. Part of the reason for the absence of a concerted, mobilized environmental movement in the past could be due to the extent of control wielded by the VCP over the country's civil sphere.
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Much ink has been spilt in wzr to understand the impact of the Second Indochina War, commonly referred to as the Vietnam War, on the historical progression of environmental issues in Vietnam, especially after the War ended in Many of these commentaries have dwelt on the destructive effects of military action on Vietnam's landscape and environment, with a focus on American military action.
For instance, it has been well researched that between andU. S military forces dispersed more than 19 million gallons of herbicidal agents over the Republic off Vietnamincluding more than 12 million gallons of the dioxin-contaminant commonly known as Agent Orange. As large as these numbers appear to be, the environmental issues which their contaminative elements have given environmental effects of war to, although significant, have been shown to have limited [8] subsequent effects, such as consequences for planting crops on available arable landbased on World Bank data up to ]
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