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Dark matter is one of the most intriguing scientific mysteries of our time and offers exciting instructional opportunities for physics education in high schools. Keywords: physics education, dark matter, jelly, lenses, gravitational lensing, instructional analogy. Not only does the topic engage and motivate high school students Cooking spray or Abstract: Dark matter is one of the most intriguing scientific mysteries of our time and offers exciting instructional opportunities for physics education in high schools. jelly like material that fills a cell
Solubility is the property of a solidliquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical matwrial chemical properties of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure and presence of other chemicals including changes to the pH of the solution.
INTRODUCTION
The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentrationwhere adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess amount of solute. Most often, the solvent is a liquid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture.
One may also speak of solid solutionbut here of solution in a gas see vapor—liquid equilibrium instead. Under certain conditions, the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a so-called supersaturated solutionwhich is metastable. A supersaturated solution generally crystallises when 'seed' crystals are introduced and rapid equilibration occurs.
Phenylsalicylate is one such simple observable substance when fully melted and then cooled below its fusion point.
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Solubility is not to be confused with the ability to dissolve a substance, because the solution might also occur because of a chemical reaction. For example, zinc dissolves with effervescence in hydrochloric acid as a result of a click reaction releasing hydrogen gas in a displacement reaction. The zinc ions are soluble in the acid. The solubility of a substance is an entirely different property from the rate of solutionwhich is how fast it dissolves. The smaller a particle is, the faster it dissolves although there are many factors to add to this generalization.
Crucially, solubility applies to all areas of chemistry, geochemistry, inorganic, physical, organic and biochemistry. In all cases it will depend on the physical conditions temperature, pressure and concentration and the enthalpy and jaterial directly relating to the solvents and solutes concerned. By far the most common solvent in chemistry is water which is a solvent for most ionic compounds as well as a wide range of organic substances. likr
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This is a crucial factor in acidity and alkalinity and much environmental and geochemical work. According to the IUPAC definition, [2] solubility is the analytical composition of a saturated solution expressed as a proportion of a designated solute in a designated solvent.
Solubility may be stated in various units of concentration such as molarity, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, mass solute per volume solvent and other units. The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble without limit miscible [3] such as ethanol in water, to poorly soluble, such as silver chloride in water. The term insoluble is often applied to poorly or very poorly soluble compounds.
A number of other descriptive terms are also used to qualify the extent of solubility for a given application. For example, U. Pharmacopoeia gives the following terms:.]
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