what started the harlem renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater and politics centered in HarlemManhattanNew York City, spanning the s and s. The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by a renewed militancy in the general struggle for civil rights for African-Americans that occurred in the wake of civil rights struggles in the then-still-segregated US Armed Forces in WWI what started the harlem renaissance which was further inspired by the NAACPthe Garveyite movement and the Russian Revolutioncombined with the Great Migration of African-American workers fleeing the racist conditions of the Jim Crow Deep South[1] Harlem being the final destination of the largest number of those who migrated north.
Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the movement, [2] [3] [4] [5] which spanned from about until the mids.
The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, took place between —when Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance—andthe year of the stock-market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression.
The Harlem Renaissance is considered to have been a rebirth whqt the African-American arts. Until the end of the Civil Warthe majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South.
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During the Reconstruction Erathe emancipated African Americans, freedmen, began what started the harlem renaissance strive for civic participation, political equality and economic and cultural self-determination. During the mid-to-late s, racist whites organized in the Democratic Party launched a murderous campaign of racist terrorism to regain political power throughout the South.
From tothey proceeded to pass legislation that disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites, trapping them without representation. They established white supremacist regimes of Jim Crow segregation in the South and one-party block voting behind southern Democrats.
Democratic Party eenaissance many having been former slaveowners and political and military leaders of the Confederacy conspired to deny African Americans their exercise of civil and political rights by terrorizing black communities with lynch mobs and other forms of vigilante violence [10] as well as by instituting a convict labor system that forced many thousands of African Americans back into unpaid labor in mines, on plantations, and on public works projects such wgat roads and levees. Convict laborers were typically subject to brutal forms of corporal punishment, overwork, and disease from unsanitary conditions.
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Death rates were extraordinarily high. Most of the future leading lights of what was to become known as the "Harlem Renaissance" movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Sometimes their te, grandparents - or they themselves - had been slaves. Their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital, including better-than-average education.
Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the African-American neighborhoods of the Northeast and Midwest. African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South.
Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life. Uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem. During the early portion of the 20th century, Harlem was the destination for migrants from around the country, attracting both people from the South seeking work and an educated class who made the area a center of culture, as well as startec growing "Negro" middle class.
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These people were looking for a fresh start in life and this was a good place to go. The district had originally been developed in the 19th century as an exclusive suburb for the white middle and upper middle classes; its affluent beginnings led to the development of stately houses, grand avenues, and world-class amenities such as the Polo Grounds and the Harlem Opera House.
During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century, the once exclusive district continue reading abandoned by the white middle class, who moved farther north. Harlem became an African-American neighborhood in the early s.]
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