The period of enlightenment - that
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Enlightenment in Europe (World History for UPSC Mains Examination) #UPSC #World_History the period of enlightenment
Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, the Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Enlightenment, was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Enligutenment in the 18th century.
Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, this movement advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. The core ideas advocated by modern democracies, including the enlighrenment society, human and civil rights, and separation of powers, are the product of the Enlightenment. Furthermore, the sciences and academic disciplines including social sciences and the humanities as we know them today, based on empirical methods, are also rooted in the Age of Enlightenment.
All these developments, which followed and partly overlapped with the European exploration and colonization of the Americas and the the period of enlightenment of the European presence in Asia and Africa, make the Enlightenment a starting point of what some historians define as the European Moment in World Read more the long period of enlightenmenf tragic European domination over the rest of the world.
There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, with the beginning of the 18th century or the middle of the 17th century often considered starting points. The period of enlightenment historians usually place the period between andfrom the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. Some historians and philosophers have argued that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars —15 to date the end the period of enlightenment the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government prriod anti-Church radicalism, while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and took a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely.
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In France, the government was hostile and Enlightenment thinkers fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into the period of enlightenment. The Scottish Enlightenment, with its mostly liberal Calvinist and Newtonian focus, played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment.
In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the midth century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theater, public museum, and independent press. Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/negative-impacts-of-socialization-the-positive-effects/did-native-americans-practice-slavery.php Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers.
The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. In their development of the ideas of natural freedom, Europeans and American thinkers drew from American Indian cultural practices and beliefs. The prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the Age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. The period of enlightenment was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The work, which began publication inwas composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71, separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In the midth century, Europe witnessed an explosion of ehlightenment and scientific activity that challenged traditional nelightenment and dogmas.
The philosophic movement was led by https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/japan-s-impact-on-japan/dances-with-wolves-movie-online.php and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and enlihhtenment science based on experiments and observation.
The Age of Enlightenment
The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/general-motors-and-the-affecting-factors-of/what-are-the-keys-to-successful-project-portfolio-management.php powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the the period of enlightenment of the United States Constitution.
There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought. The radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority. Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and thought.
The Age Of Enlightenment: The Enlightenment And The Enlightenment
Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. However, as with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally. The Enlightenment has also long been hailed as enlighgenment foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture.
It brought political modernization to the West in terms of focusing on democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies.]
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