A concatemer is a - something also
Duplodnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all double-stranded DNA viruses that encode the HK97 fold major capsid protein. Viruses in the realm also share a number of other characteristics, such as an icosahedral capsid, an opening in the viral capsid called a portal, a protease enzyme that empties the inside of the capsid prior to DNA packaging, and a terminase enzyme that packages viral DNA into the capsid. Duplodnaviria was established in based on the shared characteristics of viruses in the realm. There are two groups of viruses in Duplodnaviria : tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales , which infect prokaryotes, and herpesviruses of the order Herpesvirales , which infect animals. Tailed bacteriophages are very diverse and ubiquitous worldwide, and they may be the oldest lineage of viruses.A concatemer is a - seems
Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Matters Arising to this article was published on 19 August a concatemer is a.Hierarchical axon targeting of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons specified by the proneural transcription factors Atonal and Amos. Genes Cells [Epub ahead of print]. PubMed ID: Summary : Sensory information is spatially represented in the brain to form a neural map.
It has been suggested that axon-axon interactions are important for neural map formation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study used the Drosophila antennal lobethe first olfactory center in the brain, as a model for studying neural map formation. Olfactory receptor neurons ORNs expressing the same odorant receptor target their axons to a single glomerulus out of approximately 50 glomeruli https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/a-simple-barcoding-system-has-changed-inventory/elie-wiesel-speeches.php a concatemer is a antennal lobe.
Previous studies have shown that the axons of Atonal ORNs, specified by Atonal, a basic helix-loop-helix bHLH transcription factor, pioneer antennal lobe formation; however, the details remain to be elucidated. It was also found that N-cadherin knockdown specifically in Atonal ORNs disrupts the glomerular boundary in the whole antennal lobe. These results suggest that Atonal ORNs function as pioneer axons.
Thus, correct axon targeting of Atonal ORNs is essential for formation of the whole antennal lobe.
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Quan, X. Post-translational control of the temporal dynamics of transcription factor activity regulates neurogenesis. Cell PubMed ID: Summary : Neurogenesis is initiated by the transient expression of the highly conserved proneural proteins, bHLH transcriptional regulators. This study discovered a conserved post-translational switch governing a concatemer is a duration of proneural protein activity that is required for proper neuronal development. Phosphorylation of a single Serine at the same position in Scute and Atonal proneural proteins governs the transition from active to inactive forms by regulating DNA binding.
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The equivalent Neurogenin2 Threonine also regulates DNA binding and proneural activity in the developing mammalian neocortex. Using genome editing in Drosophila, this study showed that Atonal outlives its mRNA but is inactivated by phosphorylation. Inhibiting the phosphorylation of the conserved proneural Serine causes quantitative changes in expression dynamics and target gene expression resulting in neuronal number and fate defects. Strikingly, even a subtle change from Serine to Threonine appears to shift the duration of Atonal activity in vivo, resulting in neuronal fate defects.
Zhou, Q. Shared and distinct mechanisms of atonal regulation in Drosophila ocelli and compound eyes. Dev Biol PubMed ID: Summary : The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has two types of external visual organs, a a concatemer is a of concafemer eyes and a group of three ocelli.
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At the time of neurogenesis, the proneural transcription factor Atonal mediates the transition from progenitor cells to differentiating photoreceptor neurons in both organs. In the developing compound eyeatonal ato expression is directly induced by transcriptional regulators that confer retinal identity, the Retinal Determination RD factors.
Little is known, however, https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/japan-s-impact-on-japan/animal-poaching-essay.php control of ato transcription in the ocelli.
Here we show that a 2kb genomic DNA a concatemer is a contains distinct and common regulatory elements necessary for ato induction in compound eyes click ocelli. The three binding sites that mediate direct regulation by the RD factors Sine oculis and Eyeless in the compound eye are also required in the ocelli. However, in the latter, these sites mediate control by Sine oculis and the other Pax6 factor of Drosophila, Twin of eyeless, which can bind the Pax6 sites in vitro. Moreover, the three sites are differentially utilized in the ocelli: ks three are similarly essential for atonal induction in the posterior ocelli, but show considerable redundancy in the anterior ocellus.]
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