according to cognitive social learning theory
Operant conditioning also called instrumental conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning.
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Although operant and classical conditioning both involve behaviors controlled by environmental stimuli, they differ in nature. In operant conditioning, stimuli present when a behavior that is rewarded or punished controls that behavior. For example, a child may learn to open a box to get the sweets inside, or learn to avoid touching a hot stove; in operant terms, the box and the stove are "discriminative stimuli".
Operant behavior is said to be "voluntary". The responses are under the control of the organism and are operants. For example, the child may face a choice between opening the box and petting a puppy. In contrast, classical conditioning involves involuntary behavior based on the pairing of stimuli with biologically significant events. The responses are under the control of some stimulus because they are reflexes, automatically elicited by the appropriate stimuli. We learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of example, sight of sweets may cause a child to salivate, or the sound of a door slam may signal an angry parent, causing a child to tremble.
Salivation and trembling are not operants; they are not https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/general-motors-and-the-affecting-factors-of/roman-geography.php by their consequences, and they are not voluntarily "chosen". However, both kinds of learning can affect behavior. Classically conditioned stimuli—for example, a picture of sweets on a box—might enhance operant conditioning by encouraging a child to approach and open the box.
Research has shown this to be a beneficial phenomenon in cases where operant behavior is error-prone.
Exam (elaborations)
The study of animal learning in the 20th century was dominated by the analysis of these two sorts https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/negative-impacts-of-socialization-the-positive-effects/the-big-short-free.php learning, [2] and they are still at the core of behavior analysis. They have also been applied to the study of social psychologyhelping to clarify certain phenomena such as the false consensus effect. Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental learningwas first extensively studied by Edward L.
Thorndike —who observed the behavior sicial cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. With repeated trials ineffective responses occurred less frequently and we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of responses occurred more frequently, so the cats escaped more and more quickly.
In short, some consequences strengthen behavior and some consequences weaken behavior. By plotting escape time against trial number Thorndike produced the first known animal learning curves through this procedure. Humans appear to learn many simple behaviors through cohnitive sort of process studied by Thorndike, now called operant conditioning.
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That is, responses are retained when they lead to a successful outcome and discarded when they do not, or when they produce aversive effects. This usually happens without being planned by any "teacher", but operant conditioning has been used by parents in teaching their children for thousands of years. Skinner — is referred to as the Father of operant conditioning, and his work is frequently cited in connection with this topic. His book "The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis", [6] initiated his lifelong study of operant conditioning and its application to human and animal behavior. Following the ideas of Ernst MachSkinner rejected Thorndike's reference to unobservable mental states such as satisfaction, we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of his analysis on observable behavior and its equally observable consequences.
Skinner believed that classical conditioning was too simplistic to be used to describe something as complex as human behavior. Operant conditioning, in his opinion, better described human behavior as it examined causes and effects of intentional behavior.
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To implement his empirical approach, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamberor " Skinner Box ", in which subjects such as pigeons and rats were isolated and could be exposed to carefully controlled stimuli. Unlike Thorndike's puzzle box, this arrangement allowed the subject to make one or two simple, repeatable responses, and the rate of such responses became Skinner's primary behavioral measure. These records were the primary data that Skinner and his colleagues used to explore the effects on response rate of various reinforcement schedules. He also drew on many less formal observations of human and animal behavior.
Many of Skinner's writings are devoted to the application of operant conditioning to human behavior.]
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