Autoimmune disease and diabetes Video
COVID vaccine guidance – Diabetes and autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease and diabetes - final
Immune system disorders cause abnormally low activity or over activity of the immune system. In cases of immune system overactivity, the body attacks and damages its own tissues autoimmune diseases. Immune deficiency diseases decrease the body's ability to fight invaders, causing vulnerability to infections. In response to an unknown trigger, the immune system may begin producing antibodies that instead of fighting infections, attack the body's own tissues. Treatment for autoimmune diseases generally focuses on reducing immune system activity. Examples of autoimmune diseases include:. A to Z Guides Reference. Examples of autoimmune diseases include: Rheumatoid arthritis. autoimmune disease and diabetes.
With the ability to induce T cell activation and elicit humoral responses, B cells are generally considered as effectors of the immune system. However, the emergence of regulatory B cells Bregs has given new insight into the role of B cells in immune responses.
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Bregs exhibit immunosuppressive functions via diverse mechanisms, including the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and direct cell contact. The balance between Bregs and effector B cells is important for the immune tolerance.
In this autimmune, we focus on recent advances in the characteristics of Bregs and their functional roles in autoimmunity. Regulatory B cells Bregs are immunosuppressive cells that downregulate immune responses and support immunological tolerance 1. Moreover, Bregs could be biomarkers of treatment responses, including methotrexate and rituximab treatments 67.
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Unlike autoimmune disease and diabetes Tregs, specific transcriptional factors of Bregs have not been discovered because of the diversity of suppressive mechanisms and signals for induction. The identification of Bregs is dependent on their immunomodulatory effects, such as inhibition autoimmmune T cell activation and cytokine secretion 18. Evidence that B cells could regulate immune responses was firstly demonstrated inand progress has been made in the past few decades, including the phenotypes, functional molecules, in vitro induction, as well as expanding number of diseases implicated 9. The suppresssive activities of Bregs are mainly related to the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by IL, IL, etc.
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In this review, we focus on recent advances in the characteristics of Bregs and their functions in AIDs. Some specific markers used for the identification of Bregs have been elucidated, but there are some phenotypic overlaps among Breg subsets Table 1.
Trazabone B cells are regulatory B cell subsets with the capacity to downregulate immune responses via IL In addition to ILproducing B cells, Breg subsets function through other mechanisms also have been widely reported. FasL is expressed on both human and mouse B cells, these B cells are termed as killer B cells and have been confirmed to induce immune tolerance via FasL 3646]
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