Definition of minority group - will not
Women, for example, make up roughly half the population but are often considered a minority group. Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors, such as race , religion , sexual orientation, or national origin into account in order to benefit an underrepresented group. Key Terms Affirmative Action — A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare, etc. Minority Group — a sociological category that is differentiated, defined, and often discriminated against by those who hold the majority of positions of social power Minority — Categories of persons who hold few or no positions of social power in a given society. It is also subjectively applied by its members, who may use their status as the basis of group identity or solidarity. Minority group status is also categorical in nature: an individual who exhibits the physical or behavioral characteristics of a given minority group will be accorded the status of that group and be subject to the same treatment as other members of that minority group. Racial or Ethnic Minorities Every large society contains ethnic minorities: subgroups that share a common heritage, which often consists of a shared language , culture often including a religion , or ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy. In this case, while minority status can be conditioned by a clear numerical difference, more significantly it refers to issues of political power. In some places, subordinate ethnic groups may constitute a numerical majority, such as blacks in South Africa under apartheid. In addition to long-established ethnic minority populations in various nation-states, ethnic minorities may consist of more recent migrant, indigenous , or landless nomadic communities residing within, or between, a particular national territory. definition of minority group
For more than thirty years, courts have agreed on the baseline for comparison in a racial vote-dilution case. A minority group bringing such a challenge--asserting that its electoral influence has been unlawfully diluted by a set of district lines--must compare its existing representation to the benchmark of proportional representation. If the group is represented disproportionally poorly, in that the share of districts it controls is smaller than its fraction munority the population, the group's legal claim is significantly bolstered.
Navigation menu
Conversely, if the group already enjoys close to or more than proportional representation, its claim all but collapses. In their view, the emphasis on whether minority voters control a proportional share of districts is untrue to the text of section 2 of the Voting Rights Act VRAwhich disclaims any definitiom to have members of a protected class elected in numbers equal to their proportion in the population.
It encourages jurisdictions to draw many districts for racial reasons, thus conveying the message that representation is primarily race based and definition of minority group racial cleavages in American politics. But thanks to the recent ascensions of Justices Barrett, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh, their luck may be about to turn. There may now be a solid majority for rethinking vote-dilution law and sharply limiting the scope of section 2. If such reform were to occur, it could plausibly entail the replacement of proportionality with a race-blind baseline, asldng how many districts minority voters would control if the lines were drawn without any consideration of race.
The case would be much weaker, though, if the group already controls as many districts as would be expected given the application of nonracial mapmaking criteria.
This substitution of a race-blind baseline for a proportional one was proposed most notably definition of minority group Judge Easterbrook in the case of Gonzalez v. City of Aurora. It also dovetails with the conservative critique of the section 2 status quo, being both more faithful to the statutory text since it eschews proportionality and less race conscious since a race-blind baseline is, well, race blind.
Holder, 14 the possibility of radical change in the law of vote dilution cannot be discounted. Yet until now, no og has taken Judge Easterbrook's idea seriously. No one has comprehensively analyzed how minority representation could be affected by the move from a proportional to a race-blind baseline. Nor has anyone studied the potential partisan definition of minority group of this shift: how the major parties could be impacted if the lines were drawn solely on nonracial grounds.
Quick Links
In this Article, then, we investigate these issues for the first time. We do so using the method that Judge Easterbrook outlined in Gonzalez: the random generation of large numbers of district maps by a computer algorithm, based exclusively on nonracial criteria. This technique was still in its infancy when Judge Easterbrook referred to it in In the ensuing decade, however, it has ripened to full maturity. Political scientists, mathematicians, and computer scientists have published dozens of papers introducing redistricting algorithms and applying them to various problems.
No lawsuit and no academic definition of minority group has systematically explored the effects of race-blind rather than party-blind redistricting. Nor has the legal literature yet employed mapmaking algorithms at anything like this Article's scale, though they are the field's most important development in recent memory.
We include in our study almost all states definition of minority group sizeable minority populations: the ones for which section 2's requirements are most relevant. We also conduct our analysis at the State-house level because state-house districts are more numerous than their congressional counterparts, enabling a more fine-grained inquiry. For each state we consider, https://digitales.com.au/blog/wp-content/custom/african-slaves-during-the-nineteenth-century/southwest-airlines-culture-case-study.php randomly generate one thousand state-house maps.
These maps match or beat each state's enacted plan in terms of traditional criteria such as population equality, compactness, and respect for political subdivisions.
Breadcrumb
But unlike each enacted plan, these maps completely ignore race. Having minorlty these sets of comparators, we then bring race back into the picture. In the most extensive application to date of ecological inference, we estimate the voting behavior of minority and nonminority citizens, precinct by precinct, in each state.]
Clearly, thanks for the help in this question.
I advise to you to try to look in google.com
The important answer :)
In my opinion you are not right. I can defend the position. Write to me in PM, we will communicate.
I hope, you will come to the correct decision. Do not despair.