The ancient civilizations of mesopotamia and egypt were similar in that both cultures - think
In the third session of our monthly Zoom series Diplomacy and Technology: A historical journey , a masterclass with Jovan Kurbalija, we focused on ancient diplomacy. We started with the emergence of writing, one of the most important communication technologies in the history of mankind and diplomacy , and navigated through the rich diplomatic heritage of Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, Assyria, Persia, ancient China, and ancient India. In this journey that covered a few thousand years, we looked for insights that could help us better understand our times and the future of diplomacy. Civilisational achievements in diplomacy developed all over the world concurrently. Besides Europe and the Middle East, there are examples of diplomacy and advanced ancient civilisations in China, India, Africa, and the Americas. Around the 4th millennium BC, in the region of the Fertile Crescent , covering Mesopotamia present-day Iraq and the Eastern Mediterranean, the hunter-gatherer society was slowly making room for a new period in which humans began cultivating plants, breeding animals for food, and forming permanent sedentary settlements , which would later develop into the first states. the ancient civilizations of mesopotamia and egypt were similar in that both culturesHistorical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. The practice, which began in the prehistoric erahas been used as a way of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time.
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The earliest surviving text on architectural theory is the 1st century AD treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruviusaccording to whom a good building embodies firmitas, utilitasand venustas durability, utility, and beauty. Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects and put forward the idea of style in the arts in the 16th century. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that " form follows function ". The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.
Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. During the European Middle Agescivilizaions styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated.
Similarities Between Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt
Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, mesopotzmia postmodern and contemporary architecture developed.
Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.
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The philosophy of architecture is a branch source philosophy of artdealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and relations with development of culture. Many philosophers and theoreticians from Plato to Michel FoucaultGilles Deleuze[9] Robert Venturi and Ludwig Wittgenstein have concerned themselves with the nature of architecture and whether or not architecture is distinguished from building.
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. An equivalent in xivilizations English would be:. According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.]
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