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History of the Mandingo (Mandinka, Malinke, Maninka, or Manding) People and their Cultural PracticesMandinka people - apologise
Pinterest Google It is recorded that the first set of slaves arrived in the Americas in the 17th century specifically when 19 Africans were brought to James Town, the British establishment in Virginia, by Dutch travellers marking the start of the Transatlantic slave trade in all of the Americas. However, it remains a debatable fact to date. Africans working on Gold Mines for the Spanish. Photo: daily mail Africans being captured into slavery goes as far back as the 16th century. According to the Smithsonian, in , enslaved Africans were part of a Spanish expedition to establish an outpost on the North American coast in present-day South Carolina. Also, as early as May , blacks from the West Indies were already at work in Bermuda providing expert knowledge about the cultivation of tobacco. Panama is one of the first countries in the Americas to have Africans work as slaves. They were brought in by the Spanish to transport goods at long distances and work in gold mines in Veraguas and Darien. mandinka peopleMandinka people - share your
Origin[ edit ] A study of the Mali Empire's military is really a study of Mandinka military culture. The Mandinka were early adopters of iron in West Africa, and the role of blacksmiths was one of great religious and military prestige among them. Manipulation of iron had allowed the Mandinka to spread out over the borders of modern-day Mali and Guinea by the 11th century. During this time, the Mandinka came into contact with the Soninke of the formidable Wagadou Empire. The Soninke formed the first major organized fighting force in West Africa, and the Mandekalu became a major source of slaves for the empire. To combat Wagadou's slave raids, the Mandekalu took refuge in the mountains between Kri and Kri-Koro around Niagassala. The hunters associations formed the basis of the army that were later federated under a "master of the bush" called the Simbo. The power and prestige of the Simbo, who held both military and religious power, allowed these individuals to become petty kings. After the fall of Wagadou, these petty kings would unite under Sundjata and lead him to victory at the Battle of Kirina. Both smelting and smithing required large quantities of wood to make charcoal for fuel.Armies of Ancient Africa by Kahotep Since modern humans Homo sapiens sapiens evolved in Africa, that ugly and universal human tradition known as war almost certainly has a longer history on that continent than anywhere else in the world.
Armies of Ancient Africa
However, compared with the vast libraries of books about European and Asian warfare, relatively little has been written about African military traditions. Part of the problem is that, mandinka people the majority of pre-colonial African societies had no written language, most Africans did not describe their own militaries in writing the way Europeans and Asians did. However, there were exceptions to the rule of African pre-literacy. Some African cultures, such as those of West Africa and Ethiopia, adopted written scripts from Southwest Asians with whom they traded, while others, like the Egyptians and Nubians of the Nile Valley, created their own scripts.
We therefore have relatively more knowledge about these civilizations' armies. That said, mandinka people those Africans who did not have written languages sometimes had their militaries described by European visitors and settlers, so some information exists about them mandinka people well.
Given Africa's cultural diversity, a complete, detailed survey of every African nation's army would require an encyclopedia series, so for the sake of concision, I mandinka people focus only on three of the continent's most famous historical cultures: the Egyptians, the Mandinka, and the Zulu.
The Egyptians In mandinka people beginning, the ancient Egyptian army was primitive, at least in comparison with the armies of ancient Europe and Asia. No armor was worn by the common soldier, just the linen loincloth that was standard for Egyptian men. Only a cowhide shield protected him. Since early Egyptians had no knowledge of the horse, they also lacked cavalry. Further handicapping the Egyptians was a relative lack of discipline, since their warriors were usually conscripted commoners rather than trained professionals. However, the ancient Egyptians did start out with a broad variety of weapons: spears, axes, daggers, clubs, cudgels, and simple bows.
Of these, it was the bow that was the Egyptians' favorite weapon the Nubians to the south were also fond of it, as their land was sometimes called "Land of the Bow"for Egyptians typically began their attacks by showering their enemies with arrows. Only after these volleys had softened up the enemy would the Egyptian melee infantry charge. The poor equipment and discipline of the nascent Egyptian army was no problem when fighting other Africans, but once confronted by the more technologically advanced armies of Southwest Asia, the Egyptians were forced to upgrade and reform their military. When the Asian Hyksos took control of the Nile Delta after the Middle Kingdom, they introduced a number of new technologies which the Egyptians would take advantage of once they drove the Hyksos out and mandinka people the New Kingdom. Perhaps the most significant of these new mandinka people was the horse-driven chariot.
However, the Egyptians did not simply adopt this new contraption in its initial form, instead modifying its design so that it was smaller and lighter and therefore more suitable to Egyptian terrain. mandinka people
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In New Kingdom armies, chariots were each manned by two men, an archer of noble origin and a driver. If the archer ran out of arrows, he also had spears he could use in close combat. Charioteers were better armored than other Egyptian soldiers, wearing either scale armor or leather bands across the chest.
Mandinka people New Kingdom also saw a change in military organization.
No longer composed of conscripted peasants, the new Egyptian armies were professional in nature. Initiated with a haircut and subjected to rigorous training which included wrestling, knife-throwing, and stick-fighting, the new generation of Egyptian warriors experienced severe discipline in the form of thrashing from fellow recruits. The New Kingdom militaries each had three to four main divisions, all named after Egyptian gods. There were mandinka people two big military corps, one for Egypt's northern br consultancy and another for its south. In all periods of Egyptian history, the supreme leader of the army was the Pharaoh or one of his relatives. This empire is most often noted for its wealth in gold as well as including Timbuktu, home to the world-famous Sankore University.
The Mandinka's ascension to power followed the collapse of the Ghana Empire in At this time, a number of small kingdoms such as Sosso, Diafanu, and Jolof filled in the power void left by Ghana. It was against these kingdoms that the early Mandinka fought to expand their territory.
When the Empire began under the Mansa emperor Sundjata Keita in the 13th century, the Mandinka army was divided into 16 clans, each led by an mandinka people of noble status known as a ton-tigi "quiver mandinka people.
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Each ton-tigi commanded a unit of horsemen, also of elite status, who were armed with lances, mandinka people, and longswords and wore iron helmets and chain mail. The early Mandinka armies also had foot soldiers commanded by kele-koun "war heads" ; mandinka people were mostly bowmen who shot poisoned arrows, although spears and javelins were also used. Providing protection for the infantry were leather helmets and reed shields. According to the Epic of Sundjata, which describes the Mandinka's defeat of Sosso at the Battle of Krina, Mandinka battle formations had cavalry in the center and infantry on the flanks.]
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