Not: The term secondary deviance can be defined as:
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The term secondary deviance can be defined as: - final
Do you think these communities have a positive or negative impact on the deviants you are describing? Adler and Alder describe various types of the deviant organization including deviant loners. According to Adler and Adler , loner deviants are people who indulge in self-injurious behavior, in private as they may be ashamed of their actions in public. According to Best and Luckenbill not only do loner deviants engage in self-injurious behavior but also their deviance may form repeated patterns. This is due to the fact that they perform their deviant acts in private and thus lack any platform for variations of acts. Therefore, Loners are unable to sustain their behavior for long Adler and Adler, Best and Luckenbill conclude that there two types of loners: one-time deviant loner and systematic deviants. Best and Luckenbill further explain that there are a number of deviants acts characteristic of loner deviants. These behaviors include rape, drug abuse, and overuse, nerds as well as delinquents. the term secondary deviance can be defined as:The term secondary deviance can be defined as: Video
Labeling Theory
Teacher Labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy class notes Labelling theory holds that if a teacher labels a pupil a certain way, they will accept that label and it will become true. This in turn can affect their attitudes towards school, their behaviour, and ultimately their level of achievement in education. Labelling refers to the process of defining a person or group in a simplified way — narrowing down the complexity of the whole person and fitting them into broad categories.
David Hargreaves: Speculation, Elaboration, Stabilization
According to a number of small-scale, interpretivist research studies of teacher labelling, the labels teachers give to students are sometimes based not on their behaviour but on a number of preconceived ideas teachers have about students based on their ethnic, gender or social class background, and thus labelling here be said to be grounded in stereotypes. A closely related concept to labelling theory is the that of the self-fulfilling prophecy — where an individual accepts their label and the label becomes true in practice — for example, a student labelled as deviant actually becomes deviant as a response to being so-labelled.
Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theorywhich seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through eecondary microscope, from the ground-up. Classic studies on teacher labelling in education Most of the work of labelling theory applied to education was done in the late s and early s.
Hargreaves et al distinguished three stages of of typing or classification: Speculation Elaboration Stabilisation In the first stage, that of speculation, the teachers make guesses about the types of student they are dealing with. The researchers noted that there were seven main criteria teachers used to type students: their appearance how far they conformed to discipline their ability and enthusiasm for work how likeable defkned were their relationship with other children their personality whether they were deviant.
List of references
Hargreaves et al stress that in the devuance stage, teachers are tentative in their typing, and are willing to amend their views, nevertheless, they do form a working hypothesis, or a theory about with sort of child each student is. In the elaboration phase, each hypothesis is tested and either confirmed or contradicted, and through this process the typing of each student is refined. Some students will be regarded as deviant and it will be difficult for any of their future actions to be regarded in a positive light. Labelling and Social Class A lot of the early, classic studies on labelling focused on how teachers label according to indicators of social class background, not the actual ability of the student.
Organizational deviance and multi-factor leadership
Research in one American Kindergarten by Ray C. Rist suggested that the process of labelling is not only much more abrupt than suggested by Hargreaves et al, but also that it is heavily influenced thee social class. He also found that teachers made their judgments not necessarily on any evidence of ability, but on appearance whether they were neat and tidy and whether they were known to have come from an educated, middle class family or not. Labelling Theory and the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Self Fulling Prophecy Theory argues that predictions made by teachers about the future success or failure of a student will tend to come true because that prediction has been made.]
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