time period of enlightenment
Etymology[ edit ] The Late Latin adjective modernusa derivation from the adverb modo "presently, just now", is attested from the 5th century, at first in the context of distinguishing the Christian era from the pagan era.
Enlightenment Thinkers
In the 6th century, Cassiodorus appears to have been the first writer to use modernus "modern" regularly to refer to his own age. For example, a magister modernus referred to a contemporary scholar, as opposed to old authorities such as Benedict of Nursia. In early medieval usage, modernus referred to authorities younger than pagan antiquity and the early church fathers, but not necessarily to the present day, and could include authors several centuries old, from about the time of Bedei.
The early modern word meant "now existing", or "pertaining to the present times", not necessarily article source a positive connotation. Shakespeare uses modern in the time period of enlightenment of "every-day, ordinary, commonplace". The term modernityfirst coined in the s, in this context assumed the implication of a historical epoch following the Renaissance, in which the achievements of antiquity were surpassed.
Classical modernity: — corresponding to the long 19th century — in Hobsbawm 's scheme Consisted of the rise and growing use of daily newspapers, telegraphs, telephones and other forms of mass media, which influenced the growth of communicating on a broader scale Laughey, Late modernity: — Consisted of the globalization of modern life Laughey, In the second phase Berman draws upon the time period of enlightenment of modern technologies such as the newspaper, telegraph and other forms of mass media. There was a great shift into modernization in the name of industrial capitalism.
Finally in the third phase, modernist arts and individual creativity marked the beginning of a new modernist age as it combats oppressive politics, economics as well as other social forces including mass media. Other theorists, however, regard the period from the late 20th century to the present as merely enlighrenment phase of modernity; Zygmunt Bauman [16] calls this phase "liquid" modernityGiddens labels it "high" modernity see High modernism. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control one's own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil.
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Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which lawmakers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways. Both these principles are enshrined within the constitutions of most modern democracies. Time period of enlightenment has been observed that while Machiavelli's realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been "tamed" so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic "conflict" encouraged between free, private enterprises.
Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the Dutch Revolt —[33] English Civil War —[21] American Revolution —[34] the French Revolution —and the Haitian revolution — By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path a whole people has taken over history.
21.1.1: Enlightenment Ideals
This thought influenced the political and aesthetic thinking of Immanuel KantEdmund Burke and others and led to a critical review of time period of enlightenment politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding click caution and avoidance of radical change.
However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human cultureinitially Romanticism and Historicismand eventually both the Communism of Karl Marxand the modern forms of nationalism inspired by the French Revolutionincluding, in one extreme, the German Nazi movement.]
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