According to the orthogenetic principle, growth - apologise, but
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According to the orthogenetic principle, growth Video
ENLOW'S PRINCIPLES (EXPANDED V \u0026COUNTERPART)Either your web browser according to the orthogenetic principle support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. Displacing the physiological model that had held sway in 19th-century medical thinking, early 20th-century hormone research promoted an understanding of the body and sexual desires in which variations in sex characteristics and non-reproductive sexual behaviours such as homosexuality were attributed to anomalies in the internal secretions produced by the testes or the ovaries.
Biotypology, a new brand of medical science conceived and led by the Read more endocrinologist Nicola Pende, employed hormone research to study human types according to the orthogenetic principle hormone treatments to normalise individuals who did not conform to accepted medical norms. Latin American medical doctors, eugenicists, and sexologists took up biotypology with enthusiasm.
Italy: Constitutional medicine and the emergence of biotypology
This article considers the case studies of Visit web page, Argentina, and Brazil, and analyses the work of medical doctors who adopted a biotypological mode of reasoning and employed to various extents hormone therapies in their practice. By focusing on hormone therapies that aimed accordnig normalise secondary sexual characteristics and the sexual instinct, the article suggests that while the existence of peinciple was contested to the point that a number of medical scientists argued that no such thing existed, the pursuit of normality was carried out in very practical terms through the new medical technologies hormone research had introduced. In Discipline and PunishMichel Foucault took the concept according to the orthogenetic principle normalisation to refer to an idealised norm of conduct, which was increasingly imposed through institutions such as prisons, schools, and asylums Foucault, [].
In other works, Foucault click that according to the orthogenetic principle techniques proliferated in the 19th century, as the state expanded, and statistical sciences, eugenics, and sexology came into being Foucault, [].
Just a few generations before Foucault brought certain techniques and approaches to the attention of historians and other scholars, medical scientists were consciously and unabashedly pursuing the normalisation of the population. In Southern Europe and Latin America, those medical scientists who first embraced according to the orthogenetic principle medicine, and then biotypology — a medical classificatory science based on orrthogenetic research — devised new hormone treatments to normalise anomalous bodies and abnormal sexual behaviours.
Yet, as the history of normalisation through hormone therapies illustrates, the concept of the normal remained elusive. As this article will show, constitutional and biotypological studies in Southern Europe and Latin America seemed to suggest that there were endless human variations and that the normal body was merely an abstract concept, or an extremely rare occurrence in nature. This ambiguity stemmed in part from the adoption of 19th-century statistical methods growth identified the normal with an ideal average. They argue that, despite the elusiveness and incoherence of the statistical concept of the normal, it was highly useful in other disciplines, from anatomy and medicine to the human sciences.
By focusing on hormone therapies that aimed to normalise secondary sexual characteristics and the sexual instinct, this article suggests that while the existence of normality was contested to the growth that a number of medical scientists more info that no such thing existed, the pursuit of normality was carried out in very practical terms through the new medical technologies hormone research had introduced. This article considers the case studies of Italy, Argentina, and Brazil and analyses the work of medical doctors who adopted a biotypological mode of reasoning and employed to varying extents hormone therapies in their practice.
As I will explain below, biotypology according to the orthogenetic principle created in Italy and became particularly popular in Latin America. I have chosen the specific case studies of Italy, Argentina, and Brazil because my current research, which is still broader in scope, shows that there was a mutual exchange of sexual and endocrinological knowledge between these three countries in the interwar period. While medical knowledge travelled in both directions, from Italy to Argentina and Brazil and back to Italy, I have found less evidence that other countries where biotypology was well received, notably Mexico Stepan,exported their sexual knowledge back to Italy. Indeed, the aim of this article is to trace how types and norms were conceptualised by doctors who employed constitutional medicine and biotypology, and who studied how individuals who did not match gender and sexual norms were normalised.]
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