personality develops.
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As discussed in Chapter 1, Erik Erikson formulated a theory of psychosocial development that posited that development is organized around eight age-graded developmental tasks. At each age, infants, children, adolescents, and adults, negotiate target developmental tasks that are specific to that period of development. When the target task is negotiated successfully, it creates a foundation for future healthy development and provides a basis for the successful negotiation personality develops future developmental tasks. When a task is not well resolved, this makes continued healthy development more difficult. The developmental task of infancy is trust vs. Infants are dependent and must rely on others to meet their basic physical and psychological needs. A caregiver who consistently meets these needs instills a sense of trust or the belief that visit web page world is a trustworthy place.
Caregiver responsiveness communicates to infants that their needs will be taken care of, and so is essential in supporting the development of a sense of trust. Problems establishing trust : Erikson believed that basic mistrust could interfere according to erikson many aspects of psychosocial development personality develops make it more difficult to build love and fellowship with according to erikson. Consider the implications for establishing trust if a caregiver is unavailable or erjkson upset and ill-prepared accoording care for a child.
Or if a child according to erikson born prematurely, is unwanted, or has physical problems that make him or her less attractive to a parent. Under these circumstances, we cannot assume according to erikson the parent is going to care for the child in ways that support the development of trust. As you will read later, it is possible to rework mental models of insecure early relationships, but accoreing and caring relationships with primary caregivers make it much easier for infants to negotiate brice nkengsa first developmental according to erikson. Newborns are equipped with a number of reflexes which are involuntary movements in response to stimulation see Table 3. Some of the more common reflexes, such as the sucking eriskon and rooting reflex, are important to feeding.
The grasping and stepping reflexes are eventually replaced by more voluntary behaviors. Within the first few months of life these reflexes disappear, while other reflexes, such as the eye-blink, swallowing, sneezing, gagging, and withdrawal reflex stay with us as they continue to serve important functions. Reflexes offer pediatricians insight into the maturation and health of the nervous system. In preterm infants and those with neurological impairments, some of these reflexes may be absent at birth. Reflexes that persist longer than they should can impede normal development Berne, Attachment is a strong affectionate bond that binds an infant to a specific intimate caregiver, and from which the accordung derives a sense of security. The formation of attachments in infancy has been the subject of considerable research since attachments are viewed as foundations for future relationships.
Additionally, attachments form the basis for confidence and curiosity as toddlers, and are important influences on self-concept.
According to Freud infants are oral creatures who obtain pleasure from sucking and mouthing objects. Freud believed the infant will become attached to a person or object that provides this pleasure.
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Consequently, infants were according to erikson to become attached to their mother because she was the one who satisfied their oral needs and provided pleasure. Was Freud correct in his explanation for why infants became attached? In a classic study testing whether feeding was edikson most important factor in attachment, Wisconsin University psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow investigated the responses of young monkeys.
Infant monkeys were separated from their biological mothers, and two surrogate see more were introduced into according to erikson cages. One, the wire mother, consisted of a round wooden head, a personality develops of cold metal wires, according to erikson a bottle of milk from which the baby monkey could drink. The second mother was a foam-rubber form wrapped in a heated terry-cloth blanket. The infant monkeys went to the wire mother for food, but they overwhelmingly preferred and spent significantly more time with the warm terry-cloth mother.
The warm terry-cloth mother provided no food but did provide comfort Harlow, Contact comfort is believed to be the foundation for attachment. Both monkeys and human babies need a secure base that allows them to feel safe. From this base, they can gain the confidence they need to venture out ro explore their worlds. Building on the work of ethologists who study animal behavior under natural conditionsJohn Bowlby developed a theory of attachment. He defined attachment as the affectional bond or tie that an infant forms with the caregiver Bowlby, ]
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